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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4787057/
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. More physiologic delivery of insulin has been a long-standing goal. In normal physiology, a continuous small amount of insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas reduces hepatic glucose output, and a larger amount of insulin is secreted when food is ingested to maintain euglycemia.[] Although multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy can ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792528/
Insulin infusion pumps: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is a way to simulate the physiology of daily insulin secretion 24.The first CSII pump was introduced in the market in 1974 25.By design, an insulin pump typically consists of a reservoir filled with insulin (e.g., Velosulin ® BR), a small battery operated pump and a computer chip that allows the patient to control the ...
http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v21-1/13.pdf
The rate and extent of rectal drug absorption are often lower than with oral absorption possibly an inherent factor owing to the relatively small surface area available for drug uptake. Keywords: Rectal Drug Delivery, Rectal Absorption, Suppositories.File Size: 359KB
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/rectal-absorption
Rectal delivery systems appeared to significantly increase the uptake of insulin, even without surfactant and other absorption enhancers. Hence, due to absorption of toxic molecules and disturbance to the permeability of the mucosal membrane [ 57 ], rectal delivery …
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/features/insulin-delivery
Uneven insulin delivery. Because they send insulin into the body through the pores, jet injectors may not always deliver an accurate dose. Other options include an insulin patch.
https://www.flandershealth.us/therapeutic-peptides/rectal-delivery.html
May 15, 2019 · However, the patient acceptability of this delivery route is rather low because of the social stigma attached to rectal delivery. Another drawback of rectal delivery is that drug absorption may be erratic and may be easily interrupted by defecation.144145. The protein with rectal delivery that has been most widely investigated is insulin. The ...
https://www.intechopen.com/books/application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery/nanoparticle-insulin-drug-delivery-applications-and-new-aspects
2.8. Rectal delivery. Rectal route of delivery have been tested soon after the discovery of insulin but several investigators have met absorption problems through the mucosa. This administration’s promising advantage is the possibility of avoiding, to some extent, the hepatic first-pass metabolism.Author: Hatice Kübra Elçioğlu, Ali Demir Sezer
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