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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895432/
May 01, 2010 · Following systemic administration, the blood–aqueous barrier and blood–retinal barrier are the major barriers for anterior segment and posterior segment ocular drug delivery, respectively. Blood–aqueous barrier consists of two discrete cell layers located in the anterior segment of the eye viz . the endothelium of the iris/ciliary blood vessels and the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.Author: Ripal Gaudana, Hari Krishna Ananthula, Ashwin Parenky, Ashim K. Mitra
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289909/
The major challenge faced by today’s pharmacologist and formulation scientist is ocular drug delivery. Topical eye drop is the most convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration, especially for the treatment of anterior segment diseases.Author: Ashaben Patel, Kishore Cholkar, Vibhuti Agrahari, Ashim K Mitra
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-eye/routes-of-administration-for-ocular-medications
The three primary methods of delivery of ocular medications to the eye are topical, local ocular (ie, subconjunctival, intravitreal, retrobulbar, intracameral), and systemic. The most appropriate method of administration depends on the area of the eye to be medicated.
https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/cornea-external-disease/news/print/ocular-surgery-news/%7Bd69fee03-15c5-4fbd-a090-4f8a5b294c17%7D/understanding-topical-ophthalmic-drug-delivery-how-much-gets-in
When a patient does not shake the bottle as instructed, most of the drug sinks to the bottom and is delivered to the eye at the end of the course of treatment, when it is often less needed.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1773224718301813
Drug delivery to the eye can therefore broadly be classified into drug delivery to the anterior segment and drug delivery to the posterior segment. Topical administration, for example in the form of eye drops, suspension or ointments, is the preferred non-invasive route of drug delivery to treat diseases affecting the anterior segment.Author: Sunna Johannsdottir, Phatsawee Jansook, Einar Stefansson, Iris Myrdal Kristinsdottir, Zoltan Fulop, ...
https://patient.info/doctor/eye-drugs-prescribing-and-administering
Nov 02, 2016 · Physiological barriers limit systemically administered drug penetration to the eye, although this improves in inflamed states. Examples of systemic drugs used for eye conditions are antibiotics for orbital cellulitis, steroids for giant cell arteritis and acetazolamide for severely raised intraocular pressure.Author: Dr Gurvinder Rull
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X17300364
Commercially available ocular drug delivery systems are effective but less efficacious to manage diseases/disorders of the anterior segment of the eye. Recent advances in nanotechnology and molecular biology offer a great opportunity for efficacious ocular drug delivery for the treatments of anterior segment diseases/disorders.Author: Dileep R. Janagam, Linfeng Wu, Tao L. Lowe
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