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http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/iontophoresis
Viscusi, E. R. and T. A. Witkowski (2005). "Iontophoresis: the process behind noninvasive drug delivery." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 30(3): 292-294. Examples of Iontophoresis Research Publications (there are over 5000 references relating to this subject - …
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852061/
More formally, transdermal iontophoresis should be called electrically assisted transdermal delivery. There are three major enhancing mechanisms for drug flux through the skin, of which iontophoresis (also known as electrorepulsion, or electromigration or the Nernst-Planck effect) is just one.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/iontophoresis
Iontophoresis and electroporation are both methods of electrically assisted transdermal drug delivery. Figure 12.5 shows drug penetration pathway in low-voltage iontophoresis and high-voltage electroporation. Iontophoresis is more usually used to deliver hydrophobic low-molecular-weight drugs, whereas electroporation appears more effective for the delivery of some macromolecules such as ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293348/
Dec 13, 2011 · For effective delivery via iontophoresis, the positively charged chamber, termed anode, will repel a positively charged chemical, while the negatively charged cathode, will repel a negatively charged chemical into the skin. In the presence of an electric field, electro-migration and electroosmosis are the dominant forces in mass transport .
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X03002424
The overview of iontophoretic drug delivery presented here clearly illustrates that a considerable research effort has gone into exploring the feasibility of iontophoresis as a treatment platform for a number of therapeutic areas and many different drug molecules with diverse physicochemical properties.Author: Yogeshvar N. Kalia, Aarti Naik, James Garrison, Richard H. Guy
https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/iontophoresis-a-functional-approach-for-enhancement-of-transdermal-drug-delivery.pdf
Iontophoresis: A Functional Approach for Enhancement of Transdermal Drug Delivery Prabhakar Panzade*1, Prashant Puranik2 1Shri Bhagwan College of Pharmacy, CIDCO, N-6, Aurangabad - 431003 (MS) India 2 Government College of Pharmacy, Vedant Road, Osmanpura, Aurangabad - 431005 (MS) India ABSTRACTAuthor: Prabhakar Satwaji Panzade
https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2015.5308
quantify the transdermal drug-delivery time course of Dex-P during an ionto-phoresis treatment through the skin (at depths of 1 and 4 mm) at current inten-sities of 1 and 2 mA using intradermal microdialysis. Based on current theories for drug delivery with iontophoresis, we tested the well-accepted premise that
https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/interventional/iontophoresis-pain-management
The unit being used is a Phoresor® PM900 Drug Delivery System. Photo courtesy of Iomed Corporation. The dose period recommended for iontophoresis is calculated based on the amount of current that is flowing, together with the elapsed time of treatment.
http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0229.html
Coglianese M, Draper DO, Shurtz J, Mark G. Microdialysis and delivery of iontophoresis-driven lidocaine into the human gastrocnemius muscle. J Athl Train. 2011;46(3):270-276. Draper DO, Coglianese M, Castel C. Absorption of iontophoresis-driven 2% lidocaine with epinephrine in the tissues at 5 mm below the surface of the skin.
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