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https://ourworldindata.org/working-hours#:~:text=The%20chart%20shows%20that%20average%20working%20hours%20declined,hours%20each%20week%20for%2050%20weeks%20per%20year.
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hours_workweek.html
It stretched from dawn to dusk (sixteen hours in summer and eight in winter), but, as the Bishop Pilkington has noted, work was intermittent - called to a halt for breakfast, lunch, the customary afternoon nap, and dinner. Depending on time and place, there were also midmorning and midafternoon refreshment breaks.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595103
considered to be I2 hours, less two hours for meals, i.e. a ten hour day; though longer hours might be worked by children in domestic workshops. 17 Here, of Working Hours and Conditions during the Industrial Revolution: A Re-Appraisal
https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/the-joy-of-longer-working-hours-in-the-industrial-revolution
First, working-class writers put a very different spin on the increase in working hours that accompanied industrialization. The autobiographies make clear that in pre- industrial Britain, there simply wasn’t enough work to go around. As a result, few people were fully employed throughout the year.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/industrialization-labor-and-life/6th-grade/
Before the Industrial Revolutions, most goods were made by craftsmen, including jewelers and blacksmiths. The dawn of industrialization came alongside inventions such as the coal-powered steam engine, and the pace of work increased. In factories, coal mines and other workplaces, people worked long hours in miserable conditions.
https://ourworldindata.org/working-hours
As expected, there are differences between the sources. In 2000, for instance, Bick et al. estimates 1,642 hours of work for French workers, OECD estimates 1,558 hours, PWT estimates 1,550 hours, and Huberman and Minns estimates 1,443 hours. These differences are due to the use of different underlying sources and methods.
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/43187_2_The_Organization_of_Work_in_Preindustrial_Times.pdf
Chapter 2. The Organization of Work in Preindustrial Times 21. cultivation was supposed to be exclusively a man’s domain. By contrast, transplanting and …
https://theconversation.com/what-is-a-pre-industrial-climate-and-why-does-it-matter-78601
It also means that if we choose a pre-industrial baseline when there was low solar activity, like the late 1600s, or in a period of high volcanic activity, like the 1810s or the 1880s, then we ...
https://www.sciencealert.com/humans-used-to-sleep-in-two-shifts-maybe-we-should-again
For example, 6 hours on/6 hours off, 4 hours on/8 hours off, and 8 hours on/8 hours off, limiting time on shift and reducing extended periods of wakefulness. Split sleep/work schedules divide the day into multiple work/rest cycles so employees work multiple short shifts, broken up with short off-duty periods every 24 hours.
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