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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6556146/
Jan 15, 2019 · Insulin therapy is necessary to regulate blood glucose levels for people with type 1 diabetes and commonly used in advanced type 2 diabetes. Although subcutaneous insulin administration via hypodermic injection or pump-mediated infusion is the standard route of insulin delivery, it may be associated with pain, needle phobia, and decreased adherence, as well as the risk of infection.Author: Yuqi Zhang, Yuqi Zhang, Jicheng Yu, Anna R. Kahkoska, Jinqiang Wang, Jinqiang Wang, John B. Buse, Zh...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X18303090
Ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery has been extensively investigated in in vivo animal studies and demonstrated clinical potential in small macromolecule delivery including insulin. However, HFS may lead to damage to deep skin tissue, and LFS often needs a corresponding medium or scaffold, such as hydrogel, nano-network, and cells ...Author: Yuqi Zhang, Yuqi Zhang, Jicheng Yu, Anna R. Kahkoska, Jinqiang Wang, Jinqiang Wang, John B. Buse, Zh...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4787057/
TRANSDERMAL. Trans-dermal insulin delivery eliminates the problems associated with needles and injections and large surface area of the skin makes it a convenient route for insulin delivery. However, the penetration of insulin is halted by the stratum corneum, the outer most layer of the skin.
https://www.diabetesnet.com/about-diabetes/insulin/insulin-delivery/transdermal-insulin-delivery/
Passive delivery usually occurs with a patch, cream, or spray. Passive Transdermal delivery only works with small molecule drugs, such as nicotine and aspirin. Insulin is far too large to get through the skin passively. Active transdermal delivery, on the other hand, involves a …
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/transdermal-delivery
Transdermal Delivery. Transdermal delivery is the term that is confined to a situation in which the drug diffuses through different layers of the skin into systemic circulation to elicit the therapeutic response (Brown et al., 2006).
https://professional.diabetes.org/abstract/transdermal-delivery-insulin-patients-type-1-diabetes
Transdermal Delivery of Insulin in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes A novel daily transdermal insu A novel daily transdermal insulin patch is being developed to provide basal levels of insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
https://www.ondrugdelivery.com/novel-transdermal-delivery-systems-treatment-diabetes/
TRANSDERMAL INSULIN DELIVERY. Insulin is a 5,808 Da peptide that that is produced and stored in the pancreas as a hexamer (35 kDa) but active as a monomer. It is typically administered as a subcutaneous injection either as a bolus before meals or as a once or twice daily long-acting injection to achieve a basal profile.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228835145_Insulin_drug_delivery_systems_A_review
Insulin drug delivery systems: A review ... Transdermal insulin delivery . ... particular emphasis is devoted to the molecular modeling simulation of CDs included as part of drug delivery matrixes ...
https://www.intechopen.com/books/application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery/nanoparticle-insulin-drug-delivery-applications-and-new-aspects
2.5. Transdermal delivery. Transdermal insulin delivery is an appealing alternative to the invasive parenteral route of administration and other alternative routes of insulin such as pulmonary and nasal routes because the skin offers the advantages of an easy access and a very large surface area (1-2 m 2). It improves patient compliance and ...Author: Hatice Kübra Elçioğlu, Ali Demir Sezer
https://www.ondrugdelivery.com/designing-ultrasoundenabled-patch-insulin/
So we faced the following challenges for transdermal insulin delivery: Insulin is too large a molecule to pass passively through the skin. Skin enhancing chemicals could interact with insulin and denature the drug. Ionotphoresis could denature the drug. Laser or IR transmissions sent through the skin would photo-damage the insulin.
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