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https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/complications-of-labor-and-delivery/abnormal-position-and-presentation-of-the-fetus
Shoulder dystocia occurs when one shoulder of the fetus lodges against the woman’s pubic bone, and the baby is therefore caught in the birth canal. The fetus is positioned normally (head first) for delivery, but the fetus’s shoulder becomes lodged against the woman’s pubic bone as the fetus’s head comes out.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia
One of the complications of fetal macrosomia is shoulder dystocia, which occurs when the baby’s head emerges from the womb but the shoulders get stuck inside the mother’s body, requiring additional maneuvers to deliver the baby safely. This is a serious situation …
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-and-complications-of-labor-and-delivery/fetal-dystocia
Fetal dystocia is abnormal fetal size or position resulting in difficult delivery. Diagnosis is by examination, ultrasonography, or response to augmentation of labor. Treatment is with physical maneuvers to reposition the fetus, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean delivery.
https://teachmeobgyn.com/labour/emergencies/shoulder-dystocia/
Shoulder dystocia occurs when there is impaction of the anterior fetal shoulder behind the maternal pubic symphysis, or impaction of the posterior shoulder on the sacral promontory. A delay in delivery of the fetal shoulders leads to hypoxia in the fetus, proportional to the time delay to complete delivery.4.8/5
https://www.obgproject.com/2019/08/02/shoulder-dystocia-diagnosis-evaluation-and-management/
Shoulder dystocia is an obstetrical emergency. While there are associated risk factors, they are poor at predicting shoulder dystocia. The majority of cases will occur in women without diabetes whose offspring are within normal weight range. Nor is there any evidence that shoulder dystocia …
https://www.pregnancyvideo.net/mechanism-normal-labour-and-vaginal-delivery
This is again a passive movement resulting from a release of the forces exerted on the fetal head by the maternal bony pelvis and its musculature and mediated by the basal tone of the fetal musculature. Expulsion: Expulsion refers to delivery of the body of the fetus. After delivery of the head and external rotation, further descent brings the anterior shoulder to the level of the symphysis pubis.
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Birth_traumas
Oct 19, 2018 · Manually rotate the fetal shoulder girdle by applying pressure to the anterior part of the posterior shoulder. Delivery of posterior arm Manually deliver the posterior fetal arm .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852674/
May 05, 2016 · The head-to-body delivery interval is the time of baby's body rotate and delivery, it is the interval of external rotation. Birth attendants were advised to wait for a contraction, not to push or pull, instead, allowing the shoulder necessary time to rotate; this is so-called two-step method of shoulder delivery.Author: Hong-Yu Zhang, Ren-Fei Guo, Yan Wu, Yi Ling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4603871/
Apr 27, 2015 · Shoulder dystocia, an obstetric emergency, is defined as the need for ancillary maneuvers when gentle downward traction of the head is insufficient to affect the delivery of the fetal shoulders. It occurs in approximately 0.6 to 1.4% of vaginal deliveries. 1 The potential morbidities include neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP), clavicular or humeral fractures, hypoxic brain injury, and neonatal death.Author: Loraine K Endres, Emily DeFranco, Theresa Conyac, Marci Adams, Ying Zhou, Kristin Magner, Luke O'Rou...
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