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https://www.watermgt.com/Equivalent%20Full%20Load%20Cooling%20Hours.pdf
There are 8,760 hours in a year. The table means that of the 8,760 hours, the equipment use rate was equal to full ton capacity for the hours indicated. Full ton capacity is what we get when we ask for total cooling tons for a building. Buildings will install more tons that needed so they have backup if part of the system goes down.
http://help.looplinkpro.com/en/latest/examples/Equivalent_Full_Load_Cooling_and_Heating_Hours.pdf
Equivalent Full Load Cooling and Heating Hours Values on low end of range assume units off during unoccupied hours in cooling season and 10°F set-back in heating. Values on high end assume no set-back control. Unoccupied ventilation air and internal loads minimized for both high and low range values.
https://www.iotacommunications.com/blog/benchmarking-commercial-building-energy-use-per-square-foot/
According to the Department of Energy (DOE), the average number of kilowatt hours per square foot for a commercial building is approximately 22.5. Here’s the breakdown of how that energy is used: Approximately 8 kWh/square foot are consumed by refrigeration & equipment.
https://extension.umn.edu/food-service-industry/what-risk-cooling-hot-food
The 2-stage cooling method is approved in Minnesota. Minnesota Food Code states cooked potentially hazardous food or TCS food (foods that need time and temperature control for safety) shall be cooled: From 140 to 70 F with 2 hours. And from 70 to 41 F or below within 4 hours.
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/pdfs/ashrae_final_rule_tsd_04_energy_use_2012_05_02.pdf
commercial packaged air conditioners, computer room air conditioning (CRAC) equipment, and water-source variable refrigerant flow (VRF) equipment with a cooling capacity greater than 135,000 British thermal units per hour (Btu/h). These equipment types are described in separate
https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/terminology.php
Commercial: In the CBECS, ... Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC): The system or systems that condition air in a building. ... For example, mean hours per week is the weighted sum of the number of operating hours divided by the weighted sum of the number of buildings.
https://www.trane.com/content/dam/Trane/Commercial/global/products-systems/equipment/thermal-storage/IB-SLB182-EN_06022020.pdf
Air conditioning loads peak in the afternoon -- generally from 2 to 4 PM -- when ambient temperatures are highest. Figure 2 represents a typical building air conditioning load profile during a design day. As you can see, the full 100-ton chiller capacity is needed for only …
https://pdhonline.com/courses/m196/m196content.pdf
5) Manual J Method for Residential Applications & Manual N for Commercial Buildings: These methods are simplified versions, jointly developed by Air conditioning contractors of America (ACCA) and the Air conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI). These different methods may yield different results for the same input data.
https://hvac-talk.com/vbb/threads/74027-Converting-HDD-into-heating-hours
Here in Portland, OR our heating degree days (HDD) are just above 4500 and our cooling degree days (CDD) are 370. (found at http://www.wrh.noaa.gov) There are 8,760 hrs in a year... is there a calculation to convert degree days into hours?? Is there a corrolation?
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